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如何对链表进行排序,该列表按升序和降序交替排序?

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本文概述

给定一个链表。链表按升序和降序排列。有效地对列表进行排序。

例子:

Input List: 10 -> 40 -> 53 -> 30 -> 67 -> 12 -> 89 -> NULL
Output List: 10 -> 12 -> 30 -> 43 -> 53 -> 67 -> 89 -> NULL

Input List: 1 -> 4 -> 3 -> 2 -> 5 -> NULL
Output List: 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> NULL

简单的解决方案

方法:基本思想是对链表应用合并排序。

本文讨论了实现:合并排序链表.

复杂度分析:

  • 时间复杂度:链表的合并排序需要O(n log n)时间。在合并排序树中, 高度为log n。对每个级别进行排序将花费O(n)时间。因此, 时间复杂度为O(n log n)。
  • 辅助空间:O(n log n), 在合并排序树中, 高度为log n。存储每个级别将占用O(n)空间。因此, 空间复杂度为O(n log n)。

高效的解决方案

方法:

  1. 分开两个列表。
  2. 以降序反转
  3. 合并两个列表。

图解:

如何对链表进行排序,该列表按升序和降序交替排序?1

以下是上述算法的实现。

C ++

//C++ program to sort a linked
//list that is alternatively
//sorted in increasing and decreasing order
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
  
//Linked list node
struct Node {
     int data;
     struct Node* next;
};
  
Node* mergelist(Node* head1, Node* head2);
void splitList(Node* head, Node** Ahead, Node** Dhead);
void reverselist(Node*& head);
  
//This is the main function that sorts the
//linked list
void sort(Node** head)
{
     //Split the list into lists
     Node *Ahead, *Dhead;
     splitList(*head, &Ahead, &Dhead);
  
     //Reverse the descending linked list
     reverselist(Dhead);
  
     //Merge the two linked lists
     *head = mergelist(Ahead, Dhead);
}
  
//A utility function to create a new node
Node* newNode( int key)
{
     Node* temp = new Node;
     temp->data = key;
     temp->next = NULL;
     return temp;
}
  
//A utility function to reverse a linked list
void reverselist(Node*& head)
{
     Node *prev = NULL, *curr = head, *next;
     while (curr) {
         next = curr->next;
         curr->next = prev;
         prev = curr;
         curr = next;
     }
     head = prev;
}
  
//A utility function to print a linked list
void printlist(Node* head)
{
     while (head != NULL) {
         cout <<head->data <<" " ;
         head = head->next;
     }
     cout <<endl;
}
  
//A utility function to merge two sorted linked lists
Node* mergelist(Node* head1, Node* head2)
{
     //Base cases
     if (!head1)
         return head2;
     if (!head2)
         return head1;
  
     Node* temp = NULL;
     if (head1->data <head2->data) {
         temp = head1;
         head1->next = mergelist(head1->next, head2);
     }
     else {
         temp = head2;
         head2->next = mergelist(head1, head2->next);
     }
     return temp;
}
  
//This function alternatively splits
//a linked list with head as head into two:
//For example, 10->20->30->15->40->7 \
//is splitted into 10->30->40
//and 20->15->7
//"Ahead" is reference to head of ascending linked list
//"Dhead" is reference to head of descending linked list
void splitList(Node* head, Node** Ahead, Node** Dhead)
{
     //Create two dummy nodes to initialize
     //heads of two linked list
     *Ahead = newNode(0);
     *Dhead = newNode(0);
  
     Node* ascn = *Ahead;
     Node* dscn = *Dhead;
     Node* curr = head;
  
     //Link alternate nodes
     while (curr) {
         //Link alternate nodes of ascending linked list
         ascn->next = curr;
         ascn = ascn->next;
         curr = curr->next;
  
         //Link alternate nodes of descending linked list
         if (curr) {
             dscn->next = curr;
             dscn = dscn->next;
             curr = curr->next;
         }
     }
  
     ascn->next = NULL;
     dscn->next = NULL;
     *Ahead = (*Ahead)->next;
     *Dhead = (*Dhead)->next;
}
  
//Driver program to test above function
int main()
{
     Node* head = newNode(10);
     head->next = newNode(40);
     head->next->next = newNode(53);
     head->next->next->next = newNode(30);
     head->next->next->next->next = newNode(67);
     head->next->next->next->next->next = newNode(12);
     head->next->next->next->next->next->next = newNode(89);
  
     cout <<"Given Linked List is " <<endl;
     printlist(head);
  
     sort(&head);
  
     cout <<"Sorted Linked List is " <<endl;
     printlist(head);
  
     return 0;
}

Java

//Java program to sort a
//linked list that is alternatively
//sorted in increasing and decreasing order
class LinkedList {
     Node head; //head of list
  
     /* Linked list Node*/
     class Node {
         int data;
         Node next;
         Node( int d)
         {
             data = d;
             next = null ;
         }
     }
  
     Node newNode( int key)
     {
         return new Node(key);
     }
  
     /* This is the main function that sorts
        the linked list.*/
     void sort()
     {
         /* Create 2 dummy nodes and initialise as
            heads of linked lists */
         Node Ahead = new Node( 0 ), Dhead = new Node( 0 );
  
         //Split the list into lists
         splitList(Ahead, Dhead);
  
         Ahead = Ahead.next;
         Dhead = Dhead.next;
  
         //reverse the descending list
         Dhead = reverseList(Dhead);
  
         //merge the 2 linked lists
         head = mergeList(Ahead, Dhead);
     }
  
     /* Function to reverse the linked list */
     Node reverseList(Node Dhead)
     {
         Node current = Dhead;
         Node prev = null ;
         Node next;
         while (current != null ) {
             next = current.next;
             current.next = prev;
             prev = current;
             current = next;
         }
         Dhead = prev;
         return Dhead;
     }
  
     /* Function to print linked list */
     void printList()
     {
         Node temp = head;
         while (temp != null ) {
             System.out.print(temp.data + " " );
             temp = temp.next;
         }
         System.out.println();
     }
  
     //A utility function to merge
     //two sorted linked lists
     Node mergeList(Node head1, Node head2)
     {
         //Base cases
         if (head1 == null )
             return head2;
         if (head2 == null )
             return head1;
  
         Node temp = null ;
         if (head1.data <head2.data) {
             temp = head1;
             head1.next = mergeList(head1.next, head2);
         }
         else {
             temp = head2;
             head2.next = mergeList(head1, head2.next);
         }
         return temp;
     }
  
     //This function alternatively splits
     //a linked list with head as head into two:
     //For example, 10->20->30->15->40->7 is
     //splitted into 10->30->40
     //and 20->15->7
     //"Ahead" is reference to head of ascending linked list
     //"Dhead" is reference to head of descending linked list
     void splitList(Node Ahead, Node Dhead)
     {
         Node ascn = Ahead;
         Node dscn = Dhead;
         Node curr = head;
  
         //Link alternate nodes
  
         while (curr != null ) {
             //Link alternate nodes in ascending order
             ascn.next = curr;
             ascn = ascn.next;
             curr = curr.next;
  
             if (curr != null ) {
                 dscn.next = curr;
                 dscn = dscn.next;
                 curr = curr.next;
             }
         }
  
         ascn.next = null ;
         dscn.next = null ;
     }
  
     /* Driver program to test above functions */
     public static void main(String args[])
     {
         LinkedList llist = new LinkedList();
         llist.head = llist.newNode( 10 );
         llist.head.next = llist.newNode( 40 );
         llist.head.next.next = llist.newNode( 53 );
         llist.head.next.next.next = llist.newNode( 30 );
         llist.head.next.next.next.next = llist.newNode( 67 );
         llist.head.next.next.next.next.next = llist.newNode( 12 );
         llist.head.next.next.next.next.next.next = llist.newNode( 89 );
  
         System.out.println( "Given linked list" );
         llist.printList();
  
         llist.sort();
  
         System.out.println( "Sorted linked list" );
         llist.printList();
     }
  
} /* This code is contributed by Rajat Mishra */

python

# Python program to sort a linked list that is alternatively 
# sorted in increasing and decreasing order
class LinkedList( object ):
     def __init__( self ):
         self .head = None
  
     # Linked list Node
     class Node( object ):
         def __init__( self , d):
             self .data = d
             self . next = None
  
     def newNode( self , key):
         return self .Node(key)
  
     # This is the main function that sorts
     # the linked list.
     def sort( self ):
         # Create 2 dummy nodes and initialise as
         # heads of linked lists
         Ahead = self .Node( 0 )
         Dhead = self .Node( 0 )
         # Split the list into lists
         self .splitList(Ahead, Dhead)
         Ahead = Ahead. next
         Dhead = Dhead. next
         # reverse the descending list
         Dhead = self .reverseList(Dhead)
         # merge the 2 linked lists
         self .head = self .mergeList(Ahead, Dhead)
  
     # Function to reverse the linked list
     def reverseList( self , Dhead):
         current = Dhead
         prev = None
         while current ! = None :
             self ._next = current. next
             current. next = prev
             prev = current
             current = self ._next
         Dhead = prev
         return Dhead
  
     # Function to print linked list
     def printList( self ):
         temp = self .head
         while temp ! = None :
             print temp.data, temp = temp. next
         print ''
  
     # A utility function to merge two sorted linked lists
     def mergeList( self , head1, head2):
         # Base cases
         if head1 = = None :
             return head2
         if head2 = = None :
             return head1
         temp = None
         if head1.data <head2.data:
             temp = head1
             head1. next = self .mergeList(head1. next , head2)
         else :
             temp = head2
             head2. next = self .mergeList(head1, head2. next )
         return temp
  
     # This function alternatively splits a linked list with head
     # as head into two:
     # For example, 10->20->30->15->40->7 is splitted into 10->30->40
     # and 20->15->7
     # "Ahead" is reference to head of ascending linked list
     # "Dhead" is reference to head of descending linked list
     def splitList( self , Ahead, Dhead):
         ascn = Ahead
         dscn = Dhead
         curr = self .head
         # Link alternate nodes
         while curr ! = None :
             # Link alternate nodes in ascending order
             ascn. next = curr
             ascn = ascn. next
             curr = curr. next
             if curr ! = None :
                 dscn. next = curr
                 dscn = dscn. next
                 curr = curr. next
         ascn. next = None
         dscn. next = None
  
# Driver program
llist = LinkedList()
llist.head = llist.newNode( 10 )
llist.head. next = llist.newNode( 40 )
llist.head. next . next = llist.newNode( 53 )
llist.head. next . next . next = llist.newNode( 30 )
llist.head. next . next . next . next = llist.newNode( 67 )
llist.head. next . next . next . next . next = llist.newNode( 12 )
llist.head. next . next . next . next . next . next = llist.newNode( 89 )
  
print 'Given linked list'
llist.printList()
  
llist.sort()
  
print 'Sorted linked list'
llist.printList()
  
# This code is contributed by BHAVYA JAIN

C#

//C# program to sort a linked list that is alternatively
//sorted in increasing and decreasing order
using System;
class LinkedList {
     Node head; //head of list
  
     /* Linked list Node*/
     public class Node {
         public int data;
         public Node next;
         public Node( int d)
         {
             data = d;
             next = null ;
         }
     }
  
     Node newNode( int key)
     {
         return new Node(key);
     }
  
     /* This is the main function that sorts 
     the linked list.*/
     void sort()
     {
         /* Create 2 dummy nodes and initialise as 
         heads of linked lists */
         Node Ahead = new Node(0), Dhead = new Node(0);
  
         //Split the list into lists
         splitList(Ahead, Dhead);
  
         Ahead = Ahead.next;
         Dhead = Dhead.next;
  
         //reverse the descending list
         Dhead = reverseList(Dhead);
  
         //merge the 2 linked lists
         head = mergeList(Ahead, Dhead);
     }
  
     /* Function to reverse the linked list */
     Node reverseList(Node Dhead)
     {
         Node current = Dhead;
         Node prev = null ;
         Node next;
         while (current != null ) {
             next = current.next;
             current.next = prev;
             prev = current;
             current = next;
         }
         Dhead = prev;
         return Dhead;
     }
  
     /* Function to print linked list */
     void printList()
     {
         Node temp = head;
         while (temp != null ) {
             Console.Write(temp.data + " " );
             temp = temp.next;
         }
         Console.WriteLine();
     }
  
     //A utility function to merge two sorted linked lists
     Node mergeList(Node head1, Node head2)
     {
         //Base cases
         if (head1 == null )
             return head2;
         if (head2 == null )
             return head1;
  
         Node temp = null ;
         if (head1.data <head2.data) {
             temp = head1;
             head1.next = mergeList(head1.next, head2);
         }
         else {
             temp = head2;
             head2.next = mergeList(head1, head2.next);
         }
         return temp;
     }
  
     //This function alternatively splits a linked list with head
     //as head into two:
     //For example, 10->20->30->15->40->7 is splitted into 10->30->40
     //and 20->15->7
     //"Ahead" is reference to head of ascending linked list
     //"Dhead" is reference to head of descending linked list
     void splitList(Node Ahead, Node Dhead)
     {
         Node ascn = Ahead;
         Node dscn = Dhead;
         Node curr = head;
  
         //Link alternate nodes
  
         while (curr != null ) {
             //Link alternate nodes in ascending order
             ascn.next = curr;
             ascn = ascn.next;
             curr = curr.next;
  
             if (curr != null ) {
                 dscn.next = curr;
                 dscn = dscn.next;
                 curr = curr.next;
             }
         }
  
         ascn.next = null ;
         dscn.next = null ;
     }
  
     /* Driver code */
     public static void Main(String[] args)
     {
         LinkedList llist = new LinkedList();
         llist.head = llist.newNode(10);
         llist.head.next = llist.newNode(40);
         llist.head.next.next = llist.newNode(53);
         llist.head.next.next.next = llist.newNode(30);
         llist.head.next.next.next.next = llist.newNode(67);
         llist.head.next.next.next.next.next = llist.newNode(12);
         llist.head.next.next.next.next.next.next = llist.newNode(89);
  
         Console.WriteLine( "Given linked list" );
         llist.printList();
  
         llist.sort();
  
         Console.WriteLine( "Sorted linked list" );
         llist.printList();
     }
}
  
/* This code is contributed by Arnab Kundu */

输出如下:

Given Linked List is
10 40 53 30 67 12 89
Sorted Linked List is
10 12 30 40 53 67 89

复杂度分析:

  • 时间复杂度:O(n)。
    需要遍历以分隔列表并将其反转。排序列表的合并需要O(n)时间。
  • 辅助空间:O(1)。
    不需要额外的空间。

感谢Gaurav Ahirwar提出了这种方法。

如果发现任何不正确的地方, 或者想分享有关上述主题的更多信息, 请发表评论。

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